How do formative assessments differ from summative assessments in reading?

Formative assessments are characterized by their ongoing nature, which distinguishes them from summative assessments. They are used throughout the learning process to monitor student progress and understanding. By implementing these assessments continually rather than at the end of a learning unit or course, educators can gather immediate feedback. This allows them to adjust instruction, provide timely feedback to students, and identify areas where additional support may be needed.

The spontaneous and flexible usage of formative assessments helps create a responsive learning environment, ensuring that teaching strategies align with students' needs as they progress. In contrast, summative assessments evaluate student learning at the conclusion of an instructional period, measuring what students have learned rather than guiding future learning.

The other options describe aspects that do not align with the fundamental purpose of formative assessments. They either present a misconception about the timing or focus of these assessments or suggest a narrow scope that does not capture the broad intent of formative assessment practices.